[Research practices of conversion efficiency of resources utilization model of castoff from Chinese material medica industrialization].

The industrialization chains and their products, which were formed from the process of the production of medicinal materials-prepared drug in pieces and deep processed product of Chinese material medica (CMM) resources, have generated large benefits of social and economic. However, The large of herb-medicine castoff of "non-medicinal parts" and "rejected materials" produced inevitably during the process of Chinese medicinal resources produce and process, and the residues, waste water and waste gas were produced during the manufactured and deep processed product of CMM. These lead to the waste of resources and environmental pollution. Our previous researches had proposed the "three utilization strategies" and "three types of resources models" of herb-medicine castoff according to the different physicochemical property of resources constitutes, resources potential and utility value of herb-medicine castoff. This article focus on the conversion efficiency of resources model and analysis the ways, technologies, practices, and application in herb-medicine cast off of the conversion efficiency of resources model based on the recycling economy theory of resources and thoughts of resources chemistry of CMM. These data may be promote and resolve the key problems limited the industrialization of Chinese material medica for long time and promote the realization of herb-medicine castoff resources utilization.

Hematopoietic effect of Bacillus subtilis-fermented antler extract on phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in Sprague-Dawley rats.

This study examined the effect of fermentation on the ability of antler to act as a stimulator of hematopoietic activity. Hemolytic anemia was induced by phenylhydrazine (PHZ) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The vehicle or antler extract (nonfermented or fermented) mixed in drinking water was administered from Days 2 to 15 after PHZ injection. On Day 15, red blood cell counts in the fermented antler group (6.33×106/µL) were significantly higher than those in the nonfermented antler group (5.90×106/µL) (P<.05), and rats treated with fermented antler extract tended to have higher hemoglobin compared with rats treated with nonfermented antler extract, but not significantly. In addition, rats treated with fermented antler extract had slightly lower serum erythropoietin levels compared with nonfermented antler extract, which were not statistically different from serum erythropoietin levels of nonanemic rats. We conclude therefore that the hematopoietic activity of antler might be increased by the fermentation process.

[Degradation of earthworm extracts prepared by wet superfine grinding in simulated gastrointestinal environment].

This is to report the study of degradation of earthworm extracts prepared by wet superfine grinding in simulated gastrointestinal environment. Enzymatic reactions were terminated by adjusting the solution pH or using membrane bioreactor principle. Earthworm protein concentration change was detected by Bradford method, the degraded state of protein was described with SDS-PAGE technology, and the degraded state of small molecule substances was detected by HPLC. The results showed that earthworm protein degraded completely in artificial gastric juice. High molecular weight protein degraded greatly in artificial intestinal fluid, while low molecular weight protein was not significantly degraded. Small molecular substances degradation did not degrade in artificial gastric juice, while they degraded obviously in artificial intestinal fluid, there is even new small molecule substance appeared. Finally it is concluded that the substance that having therapeutic effects in vivo may be some degraded peptide, amino acid and stable small molecules existed in artificial intestinal fluid.

Bioaccessibility of lead and arsenic in traditional Indian medicines.

Arsenic and lead have been found in a number of traditional Ayurvedic medicines, and the practice of Rasa Shastra (combining herbs with metals, minerals and gems), or plant ingredients that contain these elements, may be possible sources. To obtain an estimate of arsenic and lead solubility in the human gastrointestinal tract, bioaccessibility of the two elements was measured in 42 medicines, using a physiologically-based extraction test. The test consisted of a gastric phase at pH 1.8 containing organic acids, pepsin and salt, followed by an intestinal phase, at pH 7 and containing bile and pancreatin. Arsenic speciation was measured in a subset of samples that had sufficiently high arsenic concentrations for the X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis used. Bioaccessible lead was found in 76% of samples, with a large range of bioaccessibility results, but only 29% of samples had bioaccessible arsenic. Lead bioaccessibility was high (close to 100%) in a medicine (Mahayograj Guggulu) that had been compounded with bhasmas (calcined minerals), including naga (lead) bhasma. For the samples in which arsenic speciation was measured, bioaccessible arsenic was correlated with the sum of As(V)-O and As(III)-O and negatively correlated with As-S. These results suggest that the bioaccessible species in the samples had been oxidized from assumed As-S raw medicinal ingredients (realgar, As(4)S(4), added to naga (lead) bhasma and As(III)-S species in plants). Consumption at recommended doses of all medicines with bioaccessibile lead or arsenic would lead to the exceedance of at least one standard for acceptable daily intake of toxic elements.

[Study on the change of the content of cantharidin in Mylabris befere and after biortransfermation].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the change of the content of cantharidin in Mylabris before and after biotransformation. METHODS: The content of cantharidin was determined by gas chromatography (GC). The conditions of GC were as follows: HP-5 column, vanillin as internal standard, the column temperature maintained at 175 degrees for 5 min, rised to 240 degrees C at the speed of 4 degrees C/min and the remained for 5 min. RESULTS: The GC method was good reproducibility. The content of cantharidin in Myabris before and after botransformation was 0.7% and 1.29% respectively. After biotranformation, the content of cantharidin was increased. CONCLUSION: Mylabris fermentated with Trametes cinnabarina has great significance for increasing the content of cantharidn and provides experimentd basis for efficient use of Mylabris.

[Important application of intestinal transporters and metabolism enzymes on gastrointestinal disposal of active ingredients of Chinese materia medica].

Oral drug bioavailability depends on gastrointestinal absorption, intestinal transporters and metabolism enzymes are the important factors in drug gastrointestinal absorption and they can also be induced or inhibited by the active ingredients of Chinese materia medica. This article presents important application of intestinal transporters and metabolism enzymes on gastrointestinal disposal of the active ingredients of Chinese materia medica, and points out the importance of research on transport and metabolism of the active ingredients of Chinese materia medica in Chinese extract and Chinese medicinal formulae.

[Survey of investigations on Daodi Chinese medicinal materials in China since 1980s].

In the recent 20 years, three major investigational achievements about Daodi CMM (Chinese medicinal materials) have been made as follows: (1) The herbal textual about Daodi CMM have been collected and revised systematically, and the causes and pattern of Daodi CMM formation and development were illustrated. (2) A series of appraising methods and marks for Daodi CMM have been set up initially, the scientific connotation of Daodi CMM has been clarified primarily, which promotes the development of pharmacognosy discipline consequently. (3) Based on the Daodi CMM research program, the GAP of CMM with good quality, high yield and best benefit has been carried out elementarily, which is helpful to solve some economic problems and troubles which the peasant, countryside and agriculture always worry about. However, there are still some puzzles and misunderstandings about Daodi CMM to be treated with seriously. The main research aspects of Daodi CMM in the future could be focused on: (1) Identification and authentication of the species and producing area of Daodi CMM. (2) Establishment and implement of the commercial specification criterion of Daodi CMM. (3) Standardization of the planting and processing technologies for Daodi CMM.

'Homeopathy': untangling the debate.

There are active public campaigns both for and against homeopathy, and its continuing availability in the NHS is debated in the medical, scientific and popular press. However, there is a lack of clarity in key terms used in the debate, and in how the evidence base of homeopathy is described and interpreted. The term 'homeopathy' is used with several different meanings including: the therapeutic system, homeopathic medicine, treatment by a homeopath, and the principles of 'homeopathy'. Conclusions drawn from one of these aspects are often inappropriately applied to another aspect. In interpreting the homeopathy evidence it is important to understand that the existing clinical experimental (randomised controlled trial) evidence base provides evidence as to the efficacy of homeopathic medicines, but not the effectiveness of treatment by a homeopath. The observational evidence base provides evidence as to the effectiveness of treatment by a homeopath. We make four recommendations to promote clarity in the reporting, design and interpretation of homeopathy research.

[Preparation of kangfuxin colon targeting micro-pellets].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare coated micro-pellets of pH-dependent and enzyme-dependent kangfuxin colon targeting delivery system, to make them go to colon, then release, educe partial effect. METHOD: We eploy pan-pill to prepare simple pellets, and prepare tunicatus pellets with fluidized bed coating. We investigated the preparation and parameter of pellets, so, we bolting the best shaping and tunicatus artwork. RESULT: The ingredients for preparing the micro-pellets are 125% starch +2% CMC-Na, and add 30% ethanol to be binder, pellets were coated with Eudragit S100 to prepare ph-dependent and pectin-HPMC to prepare enzyme-dependent colon targeting micro-pellets. CONCLUSION: We get two micro-pellets of pH-dependent and enzyme-dependent kangfuxin colon targeting.

[Discovery strategy for effective and active constituents of Chinese material medica based on processes of metabolism and disposition in intra-body].

Chinese material medica is the natural therapeutic agent used under the guidance of the theories of traditional Chinese medicine. Its sources are mainly derive from plants, some derive from animals and minerals, and a few derive from chemical drugs and biologic products. It was made up into a colossal complexed system because it's diversity of biological sources, ecological environments, chemical structures, processing methods, processes of metabolism and disposition in intra-body, biological activity and clinical use, and involved a lot of scientific problems. The elucidation of the effective and active constituents is a basic and scientific problem to clarify complexed system of Chinese material medica. Along with research progressing of processes of metabolism and disposition of Chinese material medica in intra-body and metabonomics, a new and rapid-developing technology, the discovery strategy for effective and active constituents of Chinese material medica based on the processes of metabolism and disposition would be made up, which will provide a new methodology and pathway to clarify of complexed system of Chinese material medica.